|
ql;avbk&m;vrf; ay:rS jrefrmh pD;yGm;a&;bPf
(1)/
|
NyD;cJhwJh &mpk0ufavmuftwGif; tif*sifeD,meJY Adokumynmu@rSm
tvsif tjref wkd;wufvmovkd taqmufttkHa[mif;awGukd NzdKzsufNyD;
taqmufttkH opfawGtwGuf ykdNyD;ae&may;vmMuwm awGU&yg w,f/
NrdKUawmfBuD;awGrSm olwkdY&JU pD;yGm;a&; zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufrIukd
vkdufNyD; vlaeodyfonf;rIrsm;vmovkd acwfrD taqmufttkH tjrifhBuD;awGvnf;
wjznf;jznf; rsm;vmygw,f/
'gayr,fh orkdif;0if taqmufttkHawG? a½S;a[mif;tarGtESpfAdokum
vuf&mawG xdef;odrf;xm;EkdifrIukdvnf; NrdKUawmf wpfck? 'grSr[kwf
EkdifiHwpfck&JU jy,k*fwpfcktjzpf *kPf,lMu&ygw,f/
jrefrmEkdifiH taeeJYvnf; orkdif;0if bk&m;ausmif;uefawGtjyif
a½S;a[mif; taqmufttkHa[mif;awGukd xdef;odrf; xm;EkdifzkdYtwGuf
aqmuf½GufrI tcsdKUukd awGU&w,f/
jrefrmEkdifiHrSm wpfacwfu wnfaqmufcJhwJh a½S;a[mif; taqmufttkHawGvnf;
trsm;tjym; usefaeao;w,f/ &efukefNrdKUrSmqkd&if wjcm;EkdifiHu
NrdKUawGxuf ydkNyD; wpfacwfwkef;u taqmufttkHa[mif;awG rysufrpD;
yuwdeD;yg; <uif;usef aeao; w,fvkdY Adokumynm½Sif wcsdKUu
ajymMuygw,f/
1852-53 rSm NAdwdoQtif*sifeD,mwyfu Akdvfza&Zmu &efukefNrdKUukd
ykHpHcsNyD; wnfaqmufapcJhygw,f/ tckvuf½Sd &efukefNrdKUwGif;
ae&mawG[m tJ'Duwnf;u cscJhwJhykHpHyg/ tJ'Dwkef;u NrdKUaevlxk
36ç000 twGuf &nf½G,fNyD; {u 500 ay:rSm ykHpHcscJhw,fvkdY
qkdw,f/ 1885rSm &efukefukd jrefrmjynfNrdKUawmftjzpf wkd;jr§ifh
owfrSwfcJhMuw,f/
'DaeY &efukefNrdKUxJrSm awGU&wJh vrf;us,fBuD;awG? yef;NcHawGeJY
a½S;a[mif;Adokum vuf&mawG[m 1880 jynfhvGefumvawGeJY
art
deco umvvkdY odMuwJh 1920 jynfh vGef? 1930 jynfhvGef
umvawGuwnf; uvkdY ajymvkdY&ygw,f/
NyD;cJhwJh q,fpkESpftwGif;rSmawmh &efukefNrdKUawmfukd zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufatmif
tpkd;&ykdif;u aqmif½Gufaeovkd orkdif;0if ,Ofaus;rI
a½S;a[mif;tarGtESpftaqmuf ttkHawG udkvnf; ykdNyD;xdef;odrf;zkdY
vkdtyfvmw,fqkdwm vufcHvmMuygw,f/
&efukefNrdKUawmf om,mvSyzkdYtwGuf tpGrf;ukef BudK;pm;aewJh
&efukefNrdKUawmf pnfyifom,ma&;aumfrwD uvnf; EkdifiHawmf
tBuD;tuJ&JU vrf;ñTefcsufeJY tnD a½S;a[mif; taqmufttkHawGukd
pm&if;jyKpkNyD; xdef;odrf;aew,fvkdY qkdw,f/
&efukefNrdKUawmf pnfyifom,ma&;aumfrwDu jynfolYqufqHa&;eJY
jyefMum;a&;Xmeu XmerSL; OD;vSjrifhaqGuvnf; ]]EkdifiHawmftBuD;tuJu
csrSwfxm;wJh pnf;rsOf;? pnf;urf;awGeJYtnD a½S;a[mif; taqmufttkHawGukd
xdef;odrf;ay;aeyg w,f}} vkdY jrefrmwkdif;(rf)ukd w,fvDzkef;uae
ajymMum;oGm;ygw,f/
NrdKUawmfpnfyif&JUpm&if;xJrSm a½S;a[mif; taqmufttkHaygif;
189 vkH;½Sdygw,f/ tJ'DxJrSm bk&m;ausmif;uef bmoma&;
taqmufttkHawGeJY wpfacwfutaqmuf ttkHawGyg0ifygw,f/
NrdKUawmfpnfyif&JU pm&if;xJrSm g0ifzkdY taqmufttkHawGrSm
t"duvkdtyfcsuf okH;ck½Sd&ygw,f/ tenf;qkH; oufwrf;
50 ½Sd&ygw,f/ 'kwd,taeeJY a½S;a[mif; AdokumtEkvuf&m
wpfpkHwpf&m yg0if&r,f/ aemufNyD; yk*¾vduykdif rjzpf&ygbl;/
'DowfrSwfxm;NyD;wJh taqmufttkHawGrSm vlxktwGuf ab;tEÅ&m,fwpfpkHwpf&m
rjzpfEkdiforQ NzdKcszsufqD;cGifh r½Sdygbl;/
&efukefNrdKUu aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;½Sif? tif*sifeD,m?
Adokumynm½SifawGuvnf; 'Dvkdorkdif;0if? Adokum vuf&majrmufNyD;
,Ofaus;rItarGtESpfyg0ifwJh a½S;a[mif; taqmufttkHawGukd
ykdNyD; xdef;odrf;ay; oifhw,fvkdY ajymw,f/
jrefrm aqmufvkyfa&; vkyfief;½Sifrsm; toif; Ouú|
a'gufwmcifa½Tu ]]&efukef NrdKUrSm a½S;a[mif;
taqmufttkHawG awmfawmfrsm;rsm; ½Sdaeao;w,fAs/ olwkdY&JU
orkdif;0ifrIaMumifh wefzkd;jzwfvkdYr&bl;}} vkdY qkdw,f/
]]'gawGukd oGm;rxdoifhbl;/ tpkd;&tae eJYvnf; 'gawGukd xdef;odrf;aewm
awGU& ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh wcsdKUvlawG taeeJY 'DtaqmufttkHawG&JU
wefzkd;ukd rodMu ao;bl;/ 'gawGukd aoaocsmcsmxdef;odrf; zkdYtwGuf
av;eufwJh tpDtpOfawG vkyfaqmifzkdYvkdygw,f}} vkdY a'gufwmcifa½Tu
ajymw,f/
]]NyD;awmh tpkd;&taqmufttkHawG wifrubl;/ yk*¾vdu
taqmufttkHawGrSmvnf; a½S;a[mif; vuf&mawG? ,Ofaus; rI
tarGtESpfawG awmfawmfrsm;rsm; usefaeao;wm awGU&w,f/ &efukefNrdKUwif
rubl; wcsdKUNrdKU awGrSmvnf; 'Dvkd a½S;a[mif; taqmufttkHa[mif;awG
½Sdw,f/ armfvNrdKifNrdKUrSm qkd&if t&ifESpf aygif;wpf&mausmf
avmufu OD;ematmuf&JU wkdifwpfvkH;wnf;eJY aqmufwJh tdrfqkd&if
r½Sd awmhbl;/ 'DtaqmufttkHawGqkd awmfawmf ESajrmzkdY aumif;w,f/
'DaeYacwfrSm 'Dvkd taqmufttkHawG[m wjznf;jznf;aysmuf ukefNyD}}
vkdY oluajymw,f/
]]tpkd;&&,f? tdrfykdif½SifawG&,f? NyD;awmh
tultnDay;Ekdifr,fh ynm½Sif tzGJUtpnf; awGMum;rSm yl;aygif;ajz½Sif;zkdYvkdtyfygw,f}}
&efukefu xif½Sm;wJh Adokumynm½Sif wpfOD;jzpfwJh
a'gufwm ausmfvwfuvnf; yk*¾vduykdif a½S;a[mif; taqmufttkHawGukdvnf;
tpkd;&taeeJY rysufrpD;&atmif xdef;odrf;ay;oifhaMumif;
ajymygw,f/
]]yk*¾vdu taqmufttkHawGu tdrf½SifawG taeeJY zsufvkdY
jyKvkdYvG,fygw,f/ 'gawGudk tcsdefrD wm;qD; umuG,foifhw,f}} vkdY
a'gufwmausmfvwfuajymw,f/
]]'D taqmufttkHawGukd xdef;odrf; umuG,fEkdifzkdYtwGufqkd&if
yxr 'gawG[m wefzkd;½SdwJhtaMumif; owdjyKrdzdkY vkdygw,f/
tpkd;&ykdif;ua&m? yk*¾vduykdif;ua&maygh/ aemuf
'gawGukd jyKjyif xdef;odrf;zkdY &efykHaiGvkdw,f/ NyD;awmh
enf;ynmvkdw,f}} vkdY a'gufwmausmfvwfu ajymw,f/
]]vlawGtaeeJY 'Da½S;a[mif; taqmuf ttkHawG b,favmufwefzkd;½Sdw,fqkdwm
odzkdYvkdw,f/ 'DtaqmufttkHawGu orkdif;0ifawGyg/ vlwkdif;rSm orkdif;½Sdw,f/
orkdif; awGuwpfqifh uRefawmfwkdYtaeeJY oifcef; pmawG,lMuw,f/ ,Ofaus;rI
tarGtESpfawGukd xdef;odrf;Muw,f/}}
tpkd;& taejzifhvnf; a½S;a[mif; taqmufttkHawGudk ykdrkd
tav;xm; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH&ef vkdtyfaMumif; ajymonf/
]]EkdifiHwum tzGJUtpnf;awGqDuae aiGaMu;eJYenf;ynmtaxmuftyhHawG&&ifykd
aumif;r,f/ Oyrm-,leufpudkwkdY qDuaygh/
]]NyD;awmh 'DtaqmufttkHawGeJY ywfoufNyD;orkdif;qkdif&m Adokumqkdif&m
tcsuftvufawG avhvmxm;zkdY vkdw,f/ measured
drawing vkdY ac:wmaygh/ 'Dvkd tcsuftvufawG½SdrS
'DtaqmufttkHawGukd rl&if; vuf&mtwkdif; b,fvkdjyKjyif xdef;odrf;
&r,fqkdwm odrSmaygh}} vkdY a'gufwm ausmfvwfu ajymw,f/
]]'Du wuúokdvfausmif;om;awG taeeJYvnf; a½S;a[mif;bk&m;awGeJY
ywfoufwJh tcsuftvufawGukd avhvm pkaqmif;vmwm awmfawmfrsm;rsm;½SdaeygNyD/
'gayr,fh 'D ukdvkdeDacwfu taqmufttkHawGukd avhvm rSwfwrf;wifwm
odyfrawGY&bl;/ tpkd;&taeeJY tm;ay;r,fqkd&if 'DtvkyfawGu
odyfrcufbl;/ ckdif;zkdYyJ vkdw,f}} vkdY oluqkdw,f/
orkdif;0if a½S;a[mif; taqmufttkH rsm;ukd jyKjyifxdef;odrf;ouJhokdY
wpfqufwnf;rSmyif a½S;a[mif;,Ofaus;rI e,fajrrsm;tjzpf owfrSwf
taumiftxnf azmfoifhaMumif; olu ajymonf/
]]uRefawmfwkdYqDrSm ordkif;0ife,fajrvkdY ac:vkdY&r,fhae&mawG½Sdw,f/
&efukefu yef;qkd;wef; ae&mrsdK;? NyD;awmh ql;av bk&m;vrf;eJY
urf;em;vrf;axmifh ae&mwpf0kdufvkdrsdK;aygh/ rEÅav;rSmqkd&ifvnf;
rEÅav;awmifajcem;u ausmufawmfBuD;bk&m; wpf0kdufae&mrsdK;?
'Dvkd ae&mawGrSmvnf; taqmufttkH omrubl;/ {&d,mywf0ef;usif
wpfckvkH;ukdyg xdef;odrf; oihfw,f/ tJ'Dae&mawGrSm acwfrDwkdufwm
tqifhjrifh taqmufttkHawG aqmufzkdY roifhawmfbl;}} vkdY olu ajymygw,f/